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- <text id=94TT1707>
- <title>
- Dec. 05, 1994: Arms Control:Sapphire's Hot Glow
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Dec. 05, 1994 50 for the Future
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ARMS CONTROL, Page 38
- Sapphire's Hot Glow
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> A clandestine operation funnels nuclear material out of Central
- Asia for safekeeping in Tennessee
- </p>
- <p>By Mark Thompson/Washington--Reported by Elisabeth Kauffman/Knoxville
- </p>
- <p> Many of the Americans had never been out of the U.S. before,
- much less part of a hazardous clandestine operation. Suddenly,
- they were being whisked aboard C-5 transports for the flight
- to Kazakhstan, the huge and barren former Soviet republic. Their
- mission: to pack more than 1,300 lbs. of highly enriched uranium
- into barrels for shipment back to the U.S. to prevent the material
- from falling into the wrong hands. They had only a few weeks
- to perform the delicate procedure. The harsh Central Asian winter
- was coming, and once it arrived, it would be difficult to fly
- out of the desolate Kazakh site.
- </p>
- <p> Secrecy was tight. "We worked in a separately secured area within
- the plant; so only those intimately involved in this operation
- knew we were there," said engineer Alex Riedy, 36, the leader
- of the 31-person U.S. team at the Ulba Metallurgical Plant.
- "We'd be transported in by bus before dawn and back again at
- night." If asked, they had a cover story: "We were part of an
- International Atomic Energy Agency commission there at the invitation
- of the Kazakhstan government, supposedly doing an inventory
- of nuclear materials."
- </p>
- <p> Last week the Kazakhstan inventory of uranium was half a ton
- lighter as officials in Washington and the Kazakh capital of
- Almaty (formerly Alma-Ata) announced that the team, after six
- weeks of feverish activity, had successfully moved the material
- to the Oak Ridge nuclear-storage facility in Tennessee. Over
- the next several months, the Energy Department will entertain
- offers from private industry to turn the highly enriched uranium
- into lower-grade commercial reactor fuel. The Administration
- touted the mission as a good reason to keep money flowing to
- the beleaguered Nunn-Lugar account. The fund--named for sponsors
- Senator Sam Nunn of Georgia and Senator Richard Lugar of Indiana--is a congressional appropriation that finances denuclearization
- in the states of the former Soviet Union. It is likely to face
- opposition next year as the G.O.P. takes over Congress.
- </p>
- <p> U.S. experts who had visited Kazakhstan in February were astonished
- by the samples they brought back: the uranium was 90% enriched.
- "Saddam Hussein was trying very hard to get material of this
- kind," a senior Pentagon representative said. The mission that
- ended last week actually began more than a year ago, when U.S.
- officials heard a disquieting report from Kazakh officials.
- The collapse of the Soviet Union, they said, had stranded about
- 1,300 lbs. of uranium at the sprawling Ulba Metallurgical Plant
- on the windswept steppes, 20 miles outside the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk.
- The material had been sent to the plant in the 1970s to be made
- into fuel rods for Soviet naval vessels. While the Soviets had
- abandoned it as their union collapsed in 1991, it remained quite
- a prize: there was enough nuclear material there to spawn as
- many as 36 atom bombs.
- </p>
- <p> After a series of meetings with U.S. representatives from the
- State Department, the Pentagon and the Department of Energy,
- the Kazakh government secretly asked the U.S. earlier this year
- to help rid the newly independent nation of its unwanted legacy.
- Protecting the uranium was a financial drain on the country,
- it said. Furthermore, Kazakhstan has pledged to be nuclear free
- by the turn of the century.
- </p>
- <p> American and Kazakh officials feared that the stash might fall
- into the wrong hands if word of its location and potency leaked
- out. Iran had reportedly bought some low-grade uranium from
- the plant in 1992. News that Tehran or other outlaw regimes
- may have been sniffing around for the high-grade cache compelled
- action. "The concern about security was the driving factor,"
- said Defense Secretary William Perry. After extensive negotiations,
- the U.S., according to a Pentagon source involved in the deal,
- agreed to pay Kazakhstan about $100 million in cash and other
- forms of assistance for the uranium.
- </p>
- <p> Only one hurdle remained. The nuclear material was made in Russia,
- and both Washington and Almaty knew they had to gain Moscow's
- approval for the unprecedented transfer. It did come, and apparently
- without rancor, in June. "We didn't want this material," said
- Vitaly Nasonov of Moscow's nuclear-power ministry after the
- deal was disclosed. "We produce enough of it ourselves." So
- back in the U.S., a team from the Energy Department's Oak Ridge
- nuclear-storage facility planned its unusual post-cold-war mission.
- </p>
- <p> President Clinton approved the $7 million transfer operation--christened Project Sapphire--on Oct. 7. Within hours, three
- Air Force C-5s, laden with 29 men and two women, their nuclear
- laboratory and nearly 500 foam-filled, stainless-steel drums,
- were winging eastward. The team consisted of 25 scientists and
- technicians, a communications expert, a doctor and four military
- men, including three Russian-speaking interpreters.
- </p>
- <p> The Americans spent their first four days in Kazakhstan setting
- up their chemical-assay lab inside one of the plant's 20-ft.
- by 40-ft., unheated World War II-vintage brick vaults. Until
- their arrival, one of the vaults had held freshly minted Kazakh
- coins, unused because inflation had rendered them nearly worthless.
- The Americans set up three "glove boxes," long plastic tubes,
- each with five or more pairs of special gloves protruding into
- the boxes, with which technicians could safely handle the uranium
- while processing and packing the material into the transport
- containers.
- </p>
- <p> "It was a very big endeavor. We had about 1,050 nuclear containers
- to empty," said Riedy, who works for Martin Marietta, the company
- that runs the Oak Ridge storage site. Once out of its old containers,
- the uranium was assayed and, in some cases, baked to remove
- moisture that might make the material dangerous during transport.
- Ultimately, the uranium was repackaged into 1,400 qt.-size steel
- cans, which, in turn, were placed into the special 55-gal. drums.
- The teams worked up to 14 hours a day, six days a week, trying
- to beat winter's approach. The Americans, said Energy Secretary
- Hazel O'Leary, "spent six weeks doing six months of work."
- </p>
- <p> While the suitability of most of the material for nuclear weapons
- was questioned in Moscow and Almaty, U.S. officials and several
- nuclear experts said nearly all of it could be processed for
- use in nuclear weapons. "It would be a relatively simple process,"
- said Spurgeon Keeny, president of the Arms Control Association
- in Washington, a private group. "Anyone capable of making a
- bomb is capable of that."
- </p>
- <p> After being delayed for two days by snow and bad weather, the
- nuclear exodus from Kazakhstan finally began late on the afternoon
- of Nov. 20, when the first of two C-5s ferrying the nuclear
- material lifted off. Their flights home were nonstop, made possible
- by extra pilots aboard and aerial refuelings over the Mediterranean
- Sea and Atlantic Ocean. "As soon as the wheels left the ground,"
- said Navy Commander Paul Shaffer, the top military man on the
- mission, "everyone was cheering and clapping." More than 20
- hours later, they landed at Dover Air Force Base in Delaware,
- where the cargo was then shipped to Oak Ridge aboard four nondescript
- but heavily defended three-truck convoys.
- </p>
- <p> "We have put this bomb-grade nuclear material forever out of
- the reach of potential black marketeers, terrorists or new nuclear
- regimes," Perry said just after the last convoy rolled in to
- Oak Ridge. "This is defense by other means and in a big way."
- While U.S. officials said the challenge of the mission was unique
- and unlikely to be repeated, they conceded that if faced with a similar situation,
- they would probably do the same thing again. For team member
- Richard Taylor, a 20-year Oak Ridge employee, the sense of accomplishment
- was exhilarating. "How many times do you get to cross 11 time
- zones, spend a month and a half in a foreign country and get
- to perform a secret operation?"
- </p>
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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